Rural Resilience As a New Concept of Rural Development
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53098/wir.2022.1.194/01Keywords:
resilience, rural areas, rural resilience conceptAbstract
This work is of theoretical nature and it concerns the concept of rural resilience. The review of the state-of-the-art on rural resilience presented in the article indicates the complexity of this concept, due to the interdependence of ecological, economic and social systems and the conflict of interest among them. Moreover, the diversity of rural areas on a global scale and the problems of rural communities do not allow for universal and comprehensive conceptual arrangements, but instead focuses attention on territoriality and locality as well as a specific context. The dynamics of changing rural areas in confrontation with the uncertainty and volatility of the environment (natural, economic and geopolitical) makes the concept of rural resilience useful not only to survive in difficult, unexpected or expected situations, but also to work out ways for development. Both approaches: system-oriented and social (agent-oriented) as well as all elements of the resilience concept: robustness, adaptability, transformality are important in this process.
References
Adam-Hernández A., Harteisen U. (2019). A proposed framework for rural resilience: How can peripheral village communities in Europe shape change? AGER: Revista de Estudios sobre Despoblación y Desarrollo Rural (Journal of Depopulation and Rural Development Studies), 28, 7–42. https://doi.org/10.4422/ager.2019.05.
Alvarado-Revilla F., Fitzgibbons J., Enright P., Sokolowski S., Moniz W., Khan Z.T. (2018). Partnerships for Preparedness: Enhancing individual and collective resilience to climate change through Augmented Reality technologies. White Paper written for the World Government Summit. Dubai, UAE.
Armitage D., Johnson D. (2006). Can resilience be reconciled with globalization and increasingly complex conditions of resource degradation in Asian coastal regions? Ecology and Society, 11 (1), 2.
Ashby W.R. (1963). Wstęp do cybernetyki. Warszawa: PWN.
Ashkenazy A., Chebach T.C., Knickel K., Peter S., Horowitz B., Offenbach R. (2018). Operationalising resilience in farms and rural regions: Findings from fourteen case studies. Journal of Rural Studies, 59, 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.07.008.
Ashmore F.H., Farrington J.H., Skerratt S. (2017). Community-led broadband in rural digital infrastructure development: Implication for resilience. Journal of Rural Studies, 54, 408–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.09.004.
Barrett C.B., Reardon T., Webb P. (2001). Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: Concepts, dynamics, and policy implications. Food Policy, 26 (4), 315–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00014-8.
Bauman Z. (2000). Ponowoczesność jako źródło cierpień. Warszawa: Sic!
Benyus J.M. (1997). Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
Berkes F., Ross H. (2013). Community resilience: Toward an integrated approach. Society and Natural Resources, 26 (1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2012.736605.
Block J., Kremen A. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70 (2), 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.70.2.349.
Borucka A., Ostaszewski K. (2008). Koncepcja resilience. Kluczowe pojęcia i wybrane zagadnienia. Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego, 12 (2, cz. 1), 587–597.
Bosher L., Coaffee N. (2008). Editorial: International perspective on urban resilience. Urban Design and Planning, 161 (4), 145–146. https://doi.org/10.1680/udap.2008.161.4.145.
Carpenter S.R., Arrow K.J., Barrett S., Biggs R., Brock W.A., Crépin A.-S., Engström G., Folke C., Hughes T.P., Kautsky N., Li Ch.-Z., McCarney G., Meng K., Mäler K.-G., Polasky S., Scheffer M., Shogren J., Sterner T., Vincent J.R., Walker B., Xepapadeas A., de Zeeuw A. (2012). General resilience to cope with extreme events. Sustainability, 4 (12), 3248–3259. https://doi.org/10.3390/su4123248.
Cinner J.E., Barnes M. (2019). Social dimensions of resilience in social-ecological systems. One Earth, 1 (1), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2019.08.003.
Collier F., Hambling J., Kernaghan S., Kovacevic B., Miller R., Perez A.P., Richardson E., Macmillan S. (2014). Tomorrow’s cities: A framework to access urban resilience. Urban Design and Planning, 167 (2), 79–91. https://doi.org/ 10.1680/udap.13.00019.
Cook C.C.H., White N.H. (red.) (2020). Biblical and Theological Visions of Resilience: Pastoral and Clinical Insights. New York–Oxon: Routledge.
Dacko A., Dacko M. (2018). Studia nad rozwojem obszarów wiejskich. Od paradygmatu wzrostu do rezyliencji. Wieś i Rolnictwo, 2 (179), 49–64. https://doi.org/10.53098/wir022018/03.
Davoudi S., Shaw K., Haider L.J., Quinlan A., Peterson G.D., Wilkinson C., Fünfgeld H., Mcevoy D., Porter L. (2012). Resilience: A bridging concept or a dead end? “Reframing” resilience: Challenges for planning theory and practice interacting traps: Resilience assessment of a pasture management system in Northern Afghanistan urban resilience: What does it mean in planning practice? Resilience as a useful concept for climate change adaptation? The politics of resilience for planning: A cautionary note. Planning Theory and Practice, 13 (2), 299–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2012.677124.
Dickinson D. (2017). Biblical Resilience: God’s Guidance When Life Hurts. Scotts Valley: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Drobniak A. (2015), Koncepcja urban resilience. Narzędzie strategicznej diagnozy i monitoringu miast. Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny, 77 (1), 119–143. https://doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2015.77.1.7.
Drobniak A. (2012). The urban resilience: Economic perspective. Journal of Economics and Management, 10, 5–20.
Enright P. (2016). Exploring the Resilience of the Oileán Chléire (Cape Clear) Community. Cork: Cork University Business School.
Feindt P.H., Termeer K., Candel J., Buitenhuis Y. (2018). D4.2: Assessing how policies enable or constrain the resilience of farming systems in the European Union: Case study Horizon 2020 Grant agreement no. 727520. https://www.surefarmproject.eu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/SURE-Farm-D-4.2-Resilience-Assessment-Case-Studies-RP1.pdf (dostęp: 25.07.2022).
Folke C. (2016). Resilience (republished). Ecology and Society, 21 (4), 44. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09088-210444.
Folke C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16 (3), 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002.
Folke C., Biggs R., Norström A.V., Reyers B., Rockström J. (2016). Social-ecological resilience and biosphere-based sustainability science. Ecology and Society, 21 (3), 41. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08748-210341.
Folke C., Carpenter S.R., Walker B., Scheffer M., Chapin T., Rockström J. (2010). Resilience thinking: Integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability. Ecology and Society, 15 (4), 20. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03610-150420.
Garmezy N. (1985). Stress-resistant children: The search for protective factors. W: J.E. Stevenson (red.). Recent Research in Developmental Psychopatology (s. 213–234). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Garmezy N. (1973). Competence and adaptation in adult schizophrenic patients and children at risk. W: S.R. Dean (red.). Schizophrenia: The First Ten Dean Award Lectures (s. 163–204). New York: MSS Information Corporation.
Giza-Poleszczuk A., Marody M., Rychard A. (1999). Strategie Polaków wobec zmiany systemowej. W: J. Kurczewska (red.). Zmiana społeczna. Teorie i doświadczenia polskie (s. 229–235). Warszawa: Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii PAN.
Goggins D. (2018). Can’t Hurt Me: Master Your Mind and Defy the Odds. Carson City: Lioncrest Publishing.
Gunderson L.H., Holling C.S. (red.) (2002). Panarchy: Understanding Transformation in Human and Natural Systems. Washington: Island Press.
Heijman W., Hagelaar G., Heide M. von der (2007). Rural resilience as a new development concept. 100th Seminar of European Association of Agricultural Economists – EAAE, June 21–23, 2007, Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.162359.
Herrera H. (2017). Resilience for whom? The problem structuring process of the resilience analysis. Sustainability, 9 (7), 1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071196.
Herrera H., Kopainsky B., Appel F., Balmann A., Accatino F., Tichit M., Antoniolo F., Severini S., Paas W., Reidsma P. (2018). D5.1: Impact assessment tool to assess the resilience of farming systems and their delivery of private and public goods. Sustainable and resilient EU farming systems (SURE-Farm) project report. EU Horizon 2020 Grant Agreement no. 727520. https://www.surefarmproject.eu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/D5.1-Impact-assessment-tool-RP1.pdf (dostęp: 25.07.2022).
Hills P., Argyle M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33 (7), s. 1071–1082. https://doi.org//10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6.
Holling C.S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1–23.
Ingrisch J., Bahn M. (2018). Towards a comparable quantification of resilience. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 33 (4), 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.01.013.
KE [Komisja Europejska] (2021). A long-term vision for the EU’s rural areas: Towards stronger, connected, resilient and prosperous rural areas by 2040. Brussels, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions.
Knickel K., Redman M., Darnhofer I., Ashkenazy A., Calvao Chebach T., Šumane S., Tisenkopfs T., Zemeckis R., Atkociuniene V., Rivera M., Strauss A., Kristensen L.S., Schiller S., Koopmans M.E., Rogge E. (2018). Between aspirations and reality: Making farming, food systems and rural areas more resilient, sustainable and equitable. Journal of Rural Studies, 59, 197–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.04.012.
Kotlarska-Michalska A. (2016a). Wprowadzenie. Zaradność – wielość znaczeń i kontekstów społecznych. W: A. Kotlarska-Michalska, P. Nosal (red.). Zaradność społeczna. Współczesne przejawy i ograniczenia (s. 9–17). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Nauk Społecznych UAM.
Kotlarska-Michalska A. (2016b). Zaradność – wielość znaczeń i kontekstów społecznych. W: A. Kotlarska-Michalska, P. Nosal (red.). Zaradność społeczna. Współczesne przejawy i ograniczenia (s. 21–35). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Nauk Społecznych UAM.
Kotlarska-Michalska A., Nosal P. (red.) (2019). Między jednostką a systemem. Zaradność społeczna w nowych ujęciach. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Nauk Społecznych UAM, Wydawnictwo Fundacji Humaniora.
Lade S.J., Walker B.H., Haider L.J. (2020). Resilience as pathway diversity: Linking systems, individual, and temporal perspectives on resilience. Ecology and Society, 25 (3), 19. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11760-250319.
Le Coze J.-C. (2019), Resilience, reliability, safety: Multilevel research challenges. W: S. Wiig, B. Falhbruch (red.). Exploring Resilience: A Scientific Journey from Practice to Theory (s. 7–13). Cham: Springer.
Luthar S.S. (2006). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades. W: D. Cicchetti, D.J. Cohen (red.). Developmental Psychopathology. Vol. 3: Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation (s. 739–795). New York: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470939406.ch20.
Luthar S.S., Cicchetti D., Becker B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71 (3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164.
Luthar S.S., Zelazo L.B. (2003). Research on resilience: An integrative review. W: S.S. Luthar (red.). Resilience and Vulnerability: Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities (s. 510–549). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615788.023.
Markiewka T.S. (2019). Zaradni twardziele są twardzi i zaradni. Po co im społeczeństwo? Krytyka Polityczna, 22 stycznia.
Marsche M.J., Berkes F. (2006). Exploring strategies that build livelihood resilience: A case from Cambodia. Ecology and Society, 11 (1), 42. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01730-110142.
Mazur J., Tabak I. (2008). Koncepcja resilience. Od teorii do badań empirycznych. Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego, 12 (2, cz. 1), 599–605.
McManus P., Walmsley J., Argent N., Baum S., Bourke L., Martin J., Pritchard B., Sorensen T. (2012). Rural community and rural resilience: What is important to farmers in keeping their country towns alive?, Journal of Rural Studies, 28 (1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.09.003.
Meerow S., Newell J.P. (2019). Urban resilience for whom, what, when, where, and why? Urban Geography, 40 (3), 309–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2016.1206395.
Meerow S., Newell J.P., Stults M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011.
Meuwissen M.P.M., Feindt P.H., Spiegel A., Termeer C.J.A.M., Mathijs E., de Mey Y., Finger R., Balmann A., Wauters E., Urquhart J., Vigani M., Zawalińska K., Herrera H., Nicholas-Davies P., Hansson H., Paas W., Slijper T., Coopmans I., Vroege W., Ciechomska A., Accatino F., Kopainsky B., Poortvliet M., Candel J.L., Maye D., Severini S., Senni S., Soriano B., Lagerkvist C.J., Peneva M., Gavrilescu C., Reidsma P. (2019). A framework to assess the resilience of farming systems. Agricultural Systems, 176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102656.
Olsson C.A., Bond L., Burns J.M., Vella-Brodrick D.A., Sawyer S.M. (2003). Adolescent resilience: A concept analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 26 (1), s. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1971(02)00118-5.
Park S. (2017). Digital inequalities in rural Australia: A double jeopardy of remoteness and social exclusion. Journal of Rural Studies, 54, 399–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.12.018.
Peterson G.D., Allen C.R., Holling C.S. (1998). Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale. Nebraska Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit – Staff Publications, 4. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ncfwrustaff/4/ (dostęp: 25.07.2022).
Quinlan A.E., Berbés-Blázquez M., Haider L.J., Peterson G.D. (2016). Measuring and assessing resilience: Broadening understanding through multiple disciplinary perspectives. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53, 677–687. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12550.
Roberts L., Beel D., Philip L., Townsend L. (2017). Rural resilience in a digital society: Editorial. Journal of Rural Studies, 54, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.010.
Rutter M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57 (3), 316–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03541.x.
Scoones I. (1998). Sustainable rural livelihoods: A framework for analysis. Institute of Development Studies (IDS). IDS Working Paper, 72.
Simme J., Martin R. (2009). The economic resilience of regions: Towards an evolutionary approach. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3 (1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsp029.
Skerratt S. (2013). Enhancing the analysis of rural community resilience: Evidence from community land ownership. Journal of Rural Studies, 31, 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.02.003.
Steiner A., Atterton J. (2015). Exploring the contribution of rural enterprises to local resilience. Journal of Rural Studies, 40, 30–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.05.004.
Steiner A., Markantoni M. (2014). Unpacking community resilience through capacity for change. Community Development Journal, 49 (3), 407–425. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bst042.
Strzelecka E. (2018). Concept of resilience and development of small towns and rural areas. Barometr Regionalny, 16 (3), 121–130.
Świątek L. (2015). Miasta spustoszone. Koncepcja rezyliencji w procesie rewitalizacji małych i średnich miast. Przestrzeń i Forma, 23/1, 117–128.
Tredgold T. (1818), XXXVII. On the transverse strength and resilience of timber. Philosophical Magazine, 51 (239), 214–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786441808637536.
Tugade M.M., Fredrickson B.L., Feldman Barrett L. (2004). Psychological resilience and positive emotional granularity: Examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health. Journal of Personality, 72 (6), 1161–1190.
Van Huylenbroeck G., Durand G. (red.) (2003). Multifunctional Agriculture: A New Paradigm for European Agriculture and Rural Development. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Van Huylenbroeck G., Vandermeulen V., Mettepenningen E., Verspecht A. (2007). Multifunctionality of agriculture: A review of definitions, evidence and instruments. Living Reviews in Landscape Research, 1, 5–43. https://doi.org/10.12942/lrlr-2007-3.
Wagner J.E. (2000). Regional economic diversity: Action, concept, or state of confusion. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, 30, 1–22.
Walker B., Holling C.S., Carpenter S.R., Kinzig A. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 9 (2), art. 5. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00650-090205.
Werner E.E. (2000). Protective factors and individual resilience. W: J.P. Shonkoff, S.J. Meisels (red.). Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention (s. 115–132). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Werner E.E. (1994). Overcoming the odds. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 15 (2), 131–136.
Wiig S., Fahlbruch B. (red.) (2019). Exploring Resilience: A Scientific Journey from Practice to Theory. Cham: Springer.
Wilkin J. (red.) (2010). Wielofunkcyjność rolnictwa. Kierunki badań, podstawy metodologiczne i implikacje praktyczne. Warszawa: Instytut Rozwoju Wsi i Rolnictwa PAN.
Wilson G. (2010). Multifunctional ‘quality’ and rural community resilience. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 35 (3), 364–381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2010.00391.x.
