Jak zachować wysoki poziom bioróżnorodności na obszarach rolniczych w Polsce? Identyfikacja najważniejszych problemów badawczych

Stanisław Świtek; Łukasz Jankowiak; Zuzanna M. Rosin; Zuzanna Sawinska; Ryszard Steppa; Viktoria Takacs; Adam Zbyryt; Piotr Tryjanowski

doi:10.53098/wir.2017.4.177/06

Authors

Stanisław Świtek Stanisław Świtek, MA Eng., Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland, switek.stan@gmail.com
Łukasz Jankowiak Łukasz Jankowiak, PhD, Institute for Biodiversity Research, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland, jankowiakl@gmail.com
Zuzanna M. Rosin Zuzanna M. Rosin, PhD, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland, zuzanna.rosin@gmail.com
Zuzanna Sawinska Zuzanna Sawinska, PhD, Eng., Department of Agronomy, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland, zuza.sawinska@gmail.com
Ryszard Steppa Ryszard Steppa, PhD (dr hab.), Associate Professor, Department of Rural Tourism, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland, steppa@up.poznan.pl
Viktoria Takacs Viktoria Takacs, PhD, Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland, takacsviki@o2.pl
Adam Zbyryt Adam Zbyryt, MA Eng., Polish Society for Bird Protection, Poznań, Poland, adam.zbyryt@wp.pl
Piotr Tryjanowski Piotr Tryjanowski, Professor, Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland, piotr.tryjanowski@gmail.com

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53098/wir.2017.4.177/06

Keywords:

agricultural landscape, rural areas, nature conservation, biodiversity decline

Abstract

Farmland areas account for 60% of the total area of Poland and they are among those featuring the highest level of biodiversity in Europe. However, the high position in the ranking is threatened. The aim of the study is to identify key research problems which help protect the natural environment of Polish rural areas. To this end research questions were addressed to 45 scientists and experts in the field. Their answers were assigned to one of seven categories: assessment of biodiversity condition, protection policy effectiveness, choice between traditional and intensive farming, factors influencing farmer decisions, livestock importance, the importance of buildings and infrastructure and the importance of micro-habitats for biodiversity conservation. The problems are presented in a general form and we hope that they will contribute as a significant introduction to further discourse between policy makers and scientists. Starting a debate of this kind is crucial for effective conservation of the natural resources of Polish agricultural landscape.

Badania zostały przeprowadzone w ramach projektu Liberation, 7 PR UE Cooperation nr kontraktu 311781 współfinansowanego ze środków Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego, umowa nr 3406/7.PR/2015/2.

References

Alstion J.A., Pardey P.G. (2014). Agriculture in the global economy. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28, 121–146.

Bajda J. (1995). Grzech ekologiczny (Próba podejścia do zagadnienia). W: B. Wójtkiewicz (red.). Z człowiekiem i przyrodą (wreszcie) po ludzku (s. 71–80). Wisełka: Centrum Ekologiczno-Rekolekcyjne „Przymierze”.

Bański J. (2014). Perspektywy rozwoju polskiej wsi – wybrane zagadnienia. Wieś i Rolnictwo, 4, 87–100.

Bardi U., El Asmar T., Lavacchi A. (2013). Turning electricity into food: The role of renewable energy in the future agriculture. Journal Clean Production, 53, 224–231.

Barrios L., Rodriguez A. (2004). Behavioural and environmental correlates of soaring-bird mortality at on-shore wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 72–81.

Batary P., Dicks L.V., Kleijn D., Sutherland W.J. (2015). The role of agri-environment schemes in conservation and environmental management. Conservation Biology, 29, 1006–1016.

Bell J.R., Wheater C.P., Cullen W.R. (2001). The implications of grassland and heatland management for the conservation of spider communities: A review. Journal of Zoology, 225, 377–387.

Benton T.G., Bryant D.M., Cole L., Crick H.Q.P. (2002). Linking agricultural practice to insect and bird populations: A historical study over three decades. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39, 673–687.

Benton T.G., Vickery J.A., Wilson, J.D. (2003). Farmland biodiversity: Is habitat heterogeneity the key? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18, 182–188.

Bernacka H., Niedźwiecki P., Kasperska D., Peter E. (2013). The behavior of breed sheep Wrzosówka on the xerothermic grasslands. Przegląd Hodowlany, 4, 21–24.

Billeter R., Liira J., Bailey D., Bugter R., Arens P., Augenstein I. i in. (2008). Indicators for biodiversity in agricultural landscapes: A pan-European study. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 141–150.

Birkhofer K., Smith H.G., Rundlöf M. (2016). Environmental impacts of organic farming. eLS. 1–7.

Boguszewski R. (2013). Wartości i normy. Komunikat z badań. CBOS, 1–7.

Breeuwer A., Berendse F., Willems F., Foppen R., Teunissen W., Schekkerman H., Goedhart P. (2009). Do meadow birds profit from agri-environment schemes in Dutch agricultural landscapes? Biological Conservation, 142, 2949–2953.

Broom D.M., Galindo F.A., Murgueitio E. (2013). Sustainable, efficient livestock production with high biodiversity and good welfare for animal. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Science, 280, 2013–2025.

Brown L.J., Nocera J.J. (2017). Conservation of breeding grassland birds requires local management strategies when hay maturation and nutritional quality differ among regions. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 237, 242–249.

Broyer A. (2009). Whinchat Saxicola rubetra reproductive success according to hay cutting schedule and meadow passerine density in alluvial and upland meadows in France. Journal for Nature Conservation, 17, 160–167.

Bruppacher L., Pellet J., Arlettaz R., Humbert J. (2016). Simple modifications of mowing regime promote butter flies in extensively managed meadows: Evidence from field-scale experiments. Biological Conservation, 196, 196–202.

Cardinale B.J., Duffy J.E., Gonzalez A., Hooper D.U., Perrings C., Venail P., Narwani A., Mace G.M., Tilman D., Wardle D.A., Kinzig A.P., Daily G.C., Loreau M., Grace J.B., Larigauderie A., Srivastava D.S., Naeem S. (2012). Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature, 486, 59–67.

Carrasco S., Ripoll G., Panea B., Alvarez-Rodrigues J., Joy M. (2009). Carcass tissue composition in light lambs: Influence of feeding system and prediction equations. Livestock Science, 126, 112–121.

Cassandro M. (2014). Extensive animal production and its added value in production and environmental chains: A dairy cattle study. Przegląd Hodowlany, 5, 1–4. CBD (2014). Convention on Biological Diversity. Fifth national report on the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Warsaw, Poland.

Chodkiewicz T., Neubauer G., Chylarecki P., Sikora A., Cenian Z., Ostasiewicz M., Wylegała P., Ławicki Ł., Smyk B., Betleja J., Gaszewski K., Górski A., Grygoruk G., Kajtoch Ł., Kata K., Krogulec J., Lenkiewicz W., Marczakiewicz P., Nowak D., Pietrasz K., Rohde Z., Rubacha S., Stachyra P., Świętochowski P., Tumiel T., Urban M., Wieloch M., Woźniak B., Zielińska M., Zieliński P. (2013). Monitoring populacji ptaków Polski w latach 2012–2013. Biuletyn Monitoringu Przyrody, 11, 1–72.

Chylarecki P., Jawińska D., Kuczyński L. (2006). Monitoring Pospolitych Ptaków Lęgowych – Raport z lat 2003–2004. Warszawa: OTOP.

Davies S.R., Sayer C.D., Greaves H., Siriwardena G.M., Axmacher J.C. (2016). A new role for pond management in farmland bird conservation. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 233, 179–191.

Dmochowska H. (2014). Rocznik Statystyczny Rolnictwa. Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny.

Dołęga J. (1997). Zagadnienia teologiczne w problematyce teologicznej. Studia Teologiczne, 5, 277–286.

Dudek K., Dudek M., Tryjanowski P. (2015). Wind Turbines as Overwintering Sites Attractive to an Invasive Lady Beetle, Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 69, 665–669.

Dudek K., Michlewicz M., Dudek M., Tryjanowski P. (2016). Invasive Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) as a preferred foraging habitat for spiders. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 10 (5), 777–381.

Duelli P., Obrist M.K. (2003). Regional biodiversity in an agricultural landscape: The contribution of seminatural habitat islands. Basic and Applied Ecology, 4, 129–138.

EURO-Lex. (2016). Purchasing property in other EU countries. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=URISERV%3Al24404 [dostęp: 30.07.2017].

Everaert J., Stienen E.W.M. (2007). Impact of wind turbines on birds in Zeebrugge (Belgium). Significant effect on breeding tern colony to collisions. Biodiversity and Conserva tion, 16, 3345–3359.

Fahrig L., Girag J., Duro D., Pasher J., Smith A., Javorek S., King D., Lindsay K.F., Mitchell S., Tischendorf L. (2015). Farmland with smaller crop fields have higher within-field biodiversity. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 200, 219–234.

Fischer J., Hartel T., Kuemmerle T. (2012). Conservation policy in traditional farming landscapes. Conservation Letters, 5, 167–175.

Flohre A., Fischer C., Aavik T., Bengtsson J., Berendse F., Bommarco R., Ceryngier P., Clement L.W., Dennis C., Eggers S., Emmerson M., Geiger F., Guerrero I., Hawro V., Inchausti P., Liira J., Morales M.B., Onate J.J., Pärt T., Weisser W.W., Winqvist C., Thies C., Tscharntke T. (2011). Agricultural intensification and biodiversity partitioning in European landscapes comparing plants, carabids, and birds. Ecological Applications, 21, 1772–1781.

Gagic V., Bartomeus I., Jonsson T., Taylor A., Winqvist C., Fisher C., Slade E.M., Steffan-Dewenter I., Emmerson M., Potts S.G., Tscharntke T., Weisser W., Bommarco R. (2015). Functional identity and diversity of animals predict ecosystem functioning better than species-based indices. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Science, 282, 2014–2620.

Gagné S.A., Fahrig L. (2011). Do birds and beetles show similar responses to urbanization? Ecological Applications, 21, 2297–2312.

Gibbons D.W., Wilson J.D., Green R.E. (2011). Using conservation science to solve conservation problems. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 505–508.

Groot R. de, Brander L., Ploeg S. van der, Costanza R., Bernard F., Braat L., Christie M., Crossman N., Ghermandi A., Hein L., Hussain S., Kumar P., McVittie A., Portela R., Rodriguez L.C., Brink P. ten, Beukering P. van (2012). Global estimates of the value of ecosystems and their services in monetary units. Ecosystem Services, 1, 50–61.

Gruszecki T.M., Krupiński J. (2016). Potencjał ras rodzimych w produkcji zwierzęcej i kształtowaniu ekosystemów trawiastych. Ogólnopolska Konferencja Naukowa „Ekosystemy trawiaste w kształtowaniu i ochronie środowiska”, Urszulin, 1–3 czerwca 2016.

GUS (2013a). Powszechny Spis Rolny 2010. Warszawa, Olsztyn.

GUS (2013b). Ludność. Stan i Struktura demograficzno-społeczna. Warszawa: Zakład Wydawnictw Statystycznych.

GUS (2016). Pogłowie bydła i owiec według stanu w czerwcu 2016 r. Opracowanie sygnalne. Warszawa.

Hiron M., Berg A., Eggers S., Josefsson J., Pärt T. (2013a). Bird diversity relates to agrienvironment schemes at local and landscape level in intensive farmland. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 176, 9–16.

Hiron M., Berg A., Eggers S., Pärt T. (2013b). Are farmsteads over-looked biodiversity hotspots in intensive agricultural ecosystems? Biological Conservation, 159, 332–342.

Hiron M., Berg A., Eggers S., Berggren A., Josefsson J., Pärt T. (2015). The relationship of bird diversity to crop and non-crop heterogeneity in agricultural landscapes. Landscape Ecology, 30, 2001–2013.

Kaługa I., Sparks T.H., Tryjanowski P. (2011). Reducing death by electrocution of the white stork Ciconia ciconia. Conservation Letters, 4, 483–487.

Kotowska D., Żmihorski M. (2016). Wyniki monitoringu ornitologicznego w 2015 roku. Zakres prac zrealizowanych w 2015 roku oraz wstępne wyniki monitoringu efektów programu rolnośrodowiskowego w zakresie ornitofauny. Falenty: Instytut Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy.

Lachmann L., Marczakiewicz P., Grzywaczewski G. (2010). Protecting Aquatic Warblers (Acrocephalus paludicola) through a landscape-scale solution for the management of fen peat meadows in Poland. Grassland Science in Europe, 15, 711–713.

Leddy K.L., Higgins K.F., Naugle D.E. (1999). Effects of wind turbines on upland nesting birds in conservation reserve program grasslands. The Wilson Bulletin. 111, 100–104.

Leifeld J. (2016). Current approaches neglect possible agricultural cutback under large-scale organic farming. A comment to Ponisio et al. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Science, 283.

LIFE (2016). Life Programme. Life Projects. Project database. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.search&cfid=586490 [dostęp: 18.01.2017].

Marja R., Herzon I., Viik E., Elts J., Mänd M., Tscharntke T., Batáry P. (2014). Environmentally friendly management as an intermediate strategy between organic and conventional agriculture to support biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 178, 146–154.

Matson P.A., Parton W.J., Power A.G., Swift M.J. (1997). Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science, 277, 504–509.

Morelli F., Moller A.P. (2015). Concerns about the use of ecosystem services as a tool for nature conservation: From misleading concepts to providing a “price” for nature, but not a “value”. European Journal of Ecology, 1, 68–70.

Mroczek J.R., Kostecka J., Korczy M., Roli O., Rolno P. (2013). Ocena roli programu rolnośrodowiskowego w postrzeganiu przez rolników wybranych aspektów problematyki środowiskowej. Inżynieria Ekologiczna, 34, 189–197.

Mroczkowski S. (2005). Role of sheep husbandry in conservation of cultural and natural heritage. W: Z. Mirek, A. Nikel, W. Paul (red.). Biologiczne i kulturowe aspekty gospodarki owczarskiej (s. 129–135). Kraków: Akademia Rolnicza w Krakowie, Instytut Botaniki PAN w Krakowie.

Naeem S., Chazdon R., Duffy E., Prager C., Worm, B. (2016). Biodiversity and human well-being: An essential link for sustainable development. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 283, 2016–2091.

Naidoo R., Iwamura T. (2007). Global-scale mapping of economic benefits from agricultural lands: Implications for conservation priorities. Biological Conservation, 140, 40–49.

Nelson G.C., Mensbrugghe D. van der, Ahammad H., Blanc E., Calvin K., Hasega wa T., Havlik P., Heyhoe E., Kyle P., Lotzen-Campen H., Lampe M. von, d’Croz D.M., Meijl H. van, Muller C., Reilly J., Robertson R., Sands R.D., Schmitz C., Tabeau A., Taka hashi K., Valin H., Willenbockel D. (2014). Agriculture and climate change in global scenarios: Why don’t the models agree. Agricultural Economics, 45, 85–101.

Neubauer G., Chodkiewicz T., Chylarecki P. (2014). Sprawozdanie z monitoringu ptaków Polski. Monitoring ptaków w tym monitoring obszarów specjalnej ochrony ptaków Natura 2000. Etap V. Marki: OTOP

Neubauer G., Meissner W., Chylarecki P., Chodkiewicz T., Sikora A., Pietrasz K., Cenian Z., Betleja J., Gaszewski K., Kajtoch Ł., Lenkiewicz W., Ławicki Ł., Rohde Z., Rubacha S., Smyk B., Wieloch M., Wylegała P., Zielińska M., Zieliński P. (2015). Monitoring Ptaków Polski w latach 2013–2015. Biuletyn Monitoringu Przyrody, 13, 1–92.

Newton I. (2004). The recent declines of farmland bird populations in Britain: An appraisal of causal factors and conservation actions. Ibis, 146, 579–600.

Niżnikowski R., Szymańska Ż., Majdański S., Głuchowski Ł., Ślęzak M., Świątek M. (2015). Kazimierzowska goats – a native breed of the Middle Vistula River Valley. Przegląd Hodowlany, 3, 23–24.

Pawlaczyk P., Wołejko L., Jermaczek A., Stańko R. (2001). Poradnik ochrony mokradeł. Świebodzin: Wydawnictwo Klubu Przyrodników.

Peters K.J. (2006). Sheep and goat production in Central and Eastern Countries. REU Technical Series, 50, 272–277.

Pinto-Correia T., Mascarenhas J. (1999). Contribution to the extensification/intensification debate: New trends in the Portugese montado. Landscape and Urban Planning, 46, 125–131.

Pisarek M., Krochmal-Marczak B., Dykiel M., Sieczkowska L., Klamut M. (2016). Decyzje produkcyjne rolników z gmin Haczów i Korczyna (woj. podkarpackie) i ich wpływ na środowisko przyrodnicze. Progress in Economic Sciences, 3, 185–199.

Ponsio L.C., Kremen C. (2016). System-level approach needed to evaluate the transition to more sustainable agriculture. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Science, 283.

Pullin A.S., Baldi A., Can O.E., Dieterich M., Kati V., Livoreil B., Lovei G., Mihok B., Nevin O., Selva N., Sousa-Pinto I. (2009). Conservation focus on Europe: Major conservation policy issues that need to be informed by conservation science. Conservation Biology, 23, 818–824.

Putfarken D., Dengler J., Lehmann S., Härdtle W. (2008). Site use of grazing cattle and sheep in a large-scale pasture landscape: A GPS/GIS assessment. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 111, 54–67.

Rosin Z.M., Takacs V., Báldi A., Banaszak-Cibicka W., Dajdok Z., Dolata P.T., Kwieciński Z., Łangowska A., Moroń D., Skórka P., Tobółka M., Tryjanowski P., Wuczyński A. (2011). Ecosystem services as an efficient tool of nature conservation: A view from the Polish farmland. Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą, 67, 3–20.

Rosin Z.M., Skórka P., Part T., Żmihorski M., Ekner-Grzyb A., Kwieciński Z., Tryjanowski P. (2016a). Villages and their old farmseads are hot spots of bird diversity in agricultural landscapes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53, 1363–1372.

Rosin Z.M., Skórka P., Szymański P., Tobolka M., Luczak A., Tryjanowski P. (2016b). Constant and seasonal drivers of bird communities in a wind farm: implications for conservation. PeerJ, 4, e2105.

Saidur R., Rahim N.A., Islam M.R., Solangi K.H. (2011). Environmental impact of wind energy. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 2423–2430.

Sawicka B., Hameed T.S., Noaema A.H. (2016). Evaluation of agri-environmental programs used by farmers in south-eastern Poland. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Agricultura, 15, 37–54.

Sayer C.D., Andrews K., Shilland E., Edmonds N., Edmonds-Brown R., Patmore I.R., Emson D., Axmacher J.C. (2012). The role of pond management for biodiversity conservation in an agricultural landscape. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 22, 626–638.

Seufert V., Ramankutty N., Foley J.A. (2012). Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture. Nature, 485, 229–232.

Sims V., Evans K.L., Newson S.E., Tratalos J.A., Gaston J.K. (2008). Avian assemblage structure and domestic cat densities in urban environments. Diversity and Distributions, 14, 387–399.

Skorupski J. (2016). Ochrona przyrody a inwazja norki amerykańskiej (Neovison vison) w Polsce – krytyczna analiza problemu. SYLWAN, 160, 79–87.

Small R.W. (2002). Role of rare and traditional breeds in conservation: The Grazing Animal Project. Proceedings of the farm animal genetic resources: BSAS/ DEFRA/RBTS/ Sheep Trust Conference, Edinburgh, 26–27 listopada.

Söderström B., Pärt T., Rydén J. (1998). Different nest predator faunas and nest predation risk on ground and shrub nests at forest ecotones: An experiment and a review. Oecologia, 117, 108–118.

Solorz W. (2012). Przyczyny i skutki inwazji biologicznych na świecie i w Polsce. Studia i Materiały CEPL w Rogowie, 33, 9–14.

Štefanová M., Šálek M. (2014). Effects of integrated farming on herbal and bird species diversity in Czech agricultural landscapes. Polish Journal of Ecology, 62, 161–176.

Surmacki A. (2005). Habitat use by three Acrocephalus warblers in an intensively used farmland area: The influence of breeding patch and its surroundings. Journal of Ornithology, 146, 160–166.

Sutherland W.J., Pullin A.S., Dolman P.M., Knight T.M. (2004). The need for evidence-based conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 19, 305–308.

Sutherland W.J., Fleishman E., Mascia M.B., Pretty J., Rudd M.A. (2011). Methods for collaboratively identifying research priorities and emerging issues in science and policy. Ecology and Evolution, 2, 238–247.

Sutherland W.J., Freckleton R.P., Godfray C.J., Beissinger S.R., Benton T., Cameron D.D., Carmel Y., Coomes D.A., Coulson T., Emmerson M.C., Hails Rosemary S., Hays G.C. (2013). Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions. Journal of Ecology, 101, 58–67.

Szulc K. (2011). Protection of genetic resources of farm animals in the context of sustainable development. Problemy Ekorozwoju, 6, 141–146.

Szymański P., Deoniziak K., Łosak K., Osiejuk T.S. (2017). The song of skylarks Alauda arvensis indicates the deterioration of an acoustic environment resulting from wind farm start-up. Ibis, 159, 769–777

Tokarska-Guzik B., Dajdok Z., Zając M., Zając A., Urbisz A., Danielewicz W., Hołdyński C. (2012). Rośliny obcego pochodzenia w Polsce ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem gatunków inwazyjnych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Generalnej Dyrekcji Ochrony Środowiska.

Tryjanowski P., Hartel T., Báldi A., Szymański P., Tobolka M., Herzon I., Goławski A., Konvicka M., Hromada M., Jerzak L., Kujawa K., Lenda M., Orłowski G., Panek M., Skórka P., Sparks T.H., Tworek S., Wuczyński A., Żmihorski M. (2011). Conservation of farmland birds faces different challenges in Western and Central-Eastern Europe. Acta Ornithologica, 46, 1–12.

Tryjanowski P., Sparks T.H., Jerzejak L., Rosin Z., Skórka P. (2014). A Paradox for conservation: Electricity pylons may benefit avian diversity in intensive farmland. Conservation Letters, 7, 34–40.

Vicini J., Etherton T., Kris-Etherton P., Ballam J., Denham S., Staub R., Goldstein D., Cady R., McGrath M., Lucy M. (2008). Survey of retail milk composition as affected by label claims regarding farm-management practices. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108, 1198–1203.

Wezel A., Casagrande M., Celette F., Vian J-F. Ferrer A., Peigne J. (2014). Agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34, 1–20.

Whittingham M.J. (2011). The future of agri-environment schemes: biodiversity gains and ecosystem services delivery? Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 509–513.

Wilk T., Jujka M., Krogulec J., Chylarecki P. (2010). Ostoje ptaków o znaczeniu międzynarodowym w Polsce. Marki: OTOP.

Wolters V., Bengtsson J., Zaitsev A.S. (2006). Relationship among the species richness of different taxa. Ecology, 87, 1886–1895.

Young J.C., Waylen K.A., Sarkki S., Albon S., Bainbridge I., Balian E., Davidson J., Edwards D., Fairley R., Margerison C., McCracken D., Owen R., Quine C. P., Stewart-Roper C., Thompson D., Tinch R., Van den Hove S., Watt A. (2014). Improving the science-policy dialogue to meet the challenges of biodiversity conservation: having conservations rather than talking at one-another. Biodiversity and Conservation, 23, 387–404.

Zalewski D. (2012). Strategia Polskiego Związku Łowieckiego w postępowaniu z gatunkami obcymi w ekosystemach leśnych. Studia i Materiały CEPL w Rogowie, 33, 304–318.

Załącznik rozporządzenia Nr 1143/2014. Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species.

Zbyryt A., Menderski S., Niedźwiecki S., Kalski R. (2014). Populacja lęgowa bociana białego Ciconia ciconia w OSO Ostoi Warmińskiej. Ornis Polonica, 55, 240–256.

Zbyryt A., Kapowicz E., Kapowicz R., Zub K. (2016). Liczebność, zagęszczenie i sukces lęgowy orlika krzykliwego Clanga pomarina w Puszczy Knyszyńskiej w latach 1999–2015. Ornis Polonica, 57, 237–247.

Ziętara W. (2014). Koncentracja i specjalizacja gospodarstw rolniczych w procesie integracji z Unią Europejską. Zeszyty Naukowe Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie – Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, 14, 157–169.

Żmihorski M., Kotowska D., Berg A., Pärt T. (2016). Evaluating conservation tools in Polish grasslands: The occurrence of birds in relation to agri-environment schemes and Natura 2000 area. Biological Conservation, 194, 150–157.

Żmija J., Szafrańska M. (2015). Społeczne i ekonomiczne aspekty funkcjonowania drobnych gospodarstw rolnych w Polsce. Wieś i Rolnictwo, 1, 155–165.