Ryzyko wypalenia zawodowego wśród rolników
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53098/wir.2025.1.206/01Słowa kluczowe:
wypalenie zawodowe, rolnicy, depresjaAbstrakt
W artykule przeprowadzono analizę wypalenia zawodowego wśród rolników. Szczególnie uwzględniono przy tym, na podstawie literatury przedmiotu, specyfikę ich pracy. Autorzy zauważyli, że mimo rosnącego zainteresowania tematem wypalenia zawodowego w różnych grupach zawodowych rolnicy wciąż pozostają niezbadani w tym kontekście. Tymczasem z uwagi na ograniczoną kontrolę nad czynnikami zewnętrznymi oraz wysokie wymagania zawodowe są oni szczególnie narażeni na chroniczny stres prowadzący do wypalenia. W artykule przywołano definicje wypalenia zawodowego i jego związków z innymi stanami psychicznymi, takimi jak depresja. Następnie przedstawiono kluczowe źródła stresu w rolnictwie, m.in. niepewność ekonomiczną i pogodową, izolację społeczną, długie godziny pracy oraz presję finansową. W tekście podkreślono, że specyfika pracy rolnika, charakteryzująca się niską kontrolą nad czynnikami zewnętrznymi i wysokimi wymaganiami, predestynuje tę grupę społeczną do wystąpienia wypalenia zawodowego. Analiza badań światowych i krajowych potwierdziła wysoki poziom wypalenia wśród rolników, co ma istotne konsekwencje nie tylko dla ich zdrowia psychicznego i fizycznego, lecz także dla ich rodzin i całego sektora rolnego. Zrozumienie tego zjawiska i jego skutków jest kluczowe dla opracowania skutecznych strategii wsparcia, zarówno na poziomie indywidualnym, jak i systemowym.
Bibliografia
Agricultural Mental Health & Wellness (2023). Minnesota Farm & Rural Helpline. https://www.agcentric.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/MentalHealth_Brochure2023_WEB.pdf (dostęp: 10.06.2024).
Agyapong B., Obuobi-Donkor G., Burback L., Wei Y. (2022). Stress, burnout, anxiety and depression among teachers: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 10706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710706
Anczewska M., Świtaj P., Roszczyńska J. (2005). Wypalenie zawodowe. Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii, 14(2), 67–77. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313628966_Wypalenie_zawodowe (dostęp: 20.08.2024).
APA [American Psychiatric Association] (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5™ (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Aronson E., Pines A.M., Kafry D. (1983). Ausgebrannt. Psychologie Heute, 10, 21–27.
Bakker A.B., Demerouti E., Euwema M.C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 170–180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.170
Bakker A.B., Schaufeli W.B., Demerouti E., Janssen P.P.M, van der Hulst R. (2000). Using equity theory to examine the difference between burnout and depression. Anxiety Stress Coping, 13(3), 247–268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800008549265
Batanda I. (2024). Prevalence of burnout among healthcare professionals: A survey at fort portal regional referral hospital. npj Mental Health Research, 3(1), 16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-024-00061-2
Brenninkmeijer V., Van Yperen N. (2003). How to conduct research on burnout: Advantages and disadvantages of an unidimensional approach to burnout. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60, 16–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.suppl_1.i16
Brill P.L. (1984). The need for an operational definition of burnout. Family and Community Health: The Journal of Health Promotion & Maintenance, 6(4), 12–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00003727-198402000-00005
Burish M. (1984). Approaches to personality inventory construction. American Psychologist, 39(3), 214–227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.39.3.214
CBOS [Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej] (2024). Samopoczucie Polaków w roku 2023. Komunikat z badań, 3. Warszawa: CBOS. https://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2024/K_003_24.PDF (dostęp: 12.06.2024).
Chengane S., Beseler C.L., Duysen E.G., Rautiainen R.H. (2021). Occupational stress among farm and ranch operators in the midwestern United States. BMC Public Health, 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12053-4
Cherniss C. (1980a). Professional Burnout in the Human Service Organizations. New York: Praeger.
Cherniss C. (1980b). Staff Burnout: Job Stress in Human Service. Beverly Hills: Sage. Cleary A., Feeney M., Macken-Walsh A. (2012). Pain and distress in rural Ireland: A qualitative study of suicidal behaviour among men in rural areas. Summary of Report. Dublin: University College Dublin. https://www.teagasc.ie/media/website/rural-economy/farm-management/Pain_and_Distress_in_Rural_Ireland_Report.pdf (dostęp: 30.12.2024).
De Jonge J., Bosma H., Peter R., Siegrist J. (2000). Job strain, effort-reward imbalance and employee well-being: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Social Science & Medicine, 50(9), 1317–1327. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00388-3
Demerouti E., Bakker A.B., Nachreiner F., Schaufeli W.B. (2001). The job demands resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.3.499
Demerouti E., Bakker A.B., Vardakou I., Kantas A. (2003). The convergent validity of two burnout instruments: A multitrait-multimethod analysis. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 19(1), 12–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.19.1.12
Du Prel J.-B., Koscec Bjelajac A., Franić Z., Henftling L., Brborović H., Schernhammer E., McElvenny D.M., Merisalu E., Pranjic N., Guseva Canu I., Godderis L. (2024). The relationship between work-related stress and depression: A scoping review. Public Health Reviews, 45(1606968). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2024.1606968
Eberhardt B.J., Pooyan A. (1990). Development of the farm stress survey: Factorial structure, reliability, and validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 50(2), 393–402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164490502018
Edelwich J., Brodsky A. (1980). Burn-out: Stages of Disillusionment in the Helping Professions. New York: Human Sciences Press.
Emener W.G., Luck R.S., Gohs F.X. (1982). A theoretical investigation of the construct burnout. Journal of Rehabilitation Administration, 6(4), 188–196.
Etzion D. (1987). Burning out in management: A comparison of women and men in matched organizational positions. Israel Social Science Research Journal, 5(1–2), 147–163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930270204
Eurofound (2022). Working Conditions in the Time of COVID-19: Implications for the Future. European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 series. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/system/files/2023-01/ef22012en.pdf (dostęp: 14.08.2024).
Falba A. (2015). Zespół wypalenia zawodowego wśród personelu medycznego oddziałów chirurgicznych. Rozprawa doktorska. Gdańsk: Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny.
Firth H.M., Williams S.M., Herbison G.P., McGee R.O. (2007). Stress in New Zealand farmers. Stress & Health, 23(1), 51–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1119
Freudenberger H.J. (1974). Staff burn-out. Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159–165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
Gabriel K.P., Aguinis H. (2021). How to prevent and combat employee burnout and create healthier workplaces during crises and beyond. Business Horizons, 65(1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349051189_How_to_Prevent_and_Combat_Employee_Burnout_and_Create_Healthier_Workplaces_During_Crises_and_Beyond (dostęp: 17.06.2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2021.02.037
Godlewska-Werner A. (2019). Czy to jest już wypalenie zawodowe? Psychologia w Praktyce. Zawodowe Czasopismo dla Psychologów i Psychoterapeutów, 5(17), 36–43.
Hakanen J.J., Schaufeli W.B. (2012). Do burnout and work engagement predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction? A three-wave seven-year prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141(2–3), 415–424. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.043
Henning-Smith C., Alberth A., Bjornestad A., Becot F., Inwood S. (2022). Farmer mental health in the US Midwest: Key informant perspectives. Journal of Agromedicine, 27(1), 15–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2021.1893881
Hintsa T., Kouvonen A., McCann M., Jokela M., Elovainio M., Demakakos P. (2015). Higher effort–reward imbalance and lower job control predict exit from the labour market at the age of 61 years or younger: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 69(6), 543–549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-205148
Iacovides A., Fountoulakis K.N, Kaprinis S., Kaprinis G. (2003). The relationship between job stress, burnout and clinical depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 75(3), 209–221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00101-5
IHME [Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation] (b.d.). https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/health-risks-issues/mental-health-our-approach (dostęp: 16.08.2024).
Johnson J., Steward W., Hall E., Fredlund P., Theorell T. (1996). Long-term psychosocial work environment and cardiovascular mortality among Swedish men. American Journal of Public Health, 86(3), 324–331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.86.3.324
Jones M.S., Reed D.B., Hunt M.L. (2018). Suicide: An unrecognized epidemic among farmers. Workplace Health & Safety, 66(9), 464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079918784055
Jones-Bitton A., Best C., MacTavish J., Fleming S., Hoy S. (2020). Stress, anxiety, depression, and resilience in Canadian farmers. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(2), 229–236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01738-2
Kaczmarek A. (2019). Wypalenie zawodowe – następstwo stresu zawodowego. Nowoczesne Systemy Zarządzania, 14(1), 65–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37055/nsz/129541
Kallioniemi M., Simola A., Kaseva J., Kymäläinen H. (2016). Stress and burnout among Finnish dairy farmers. Journal of Agromedicine, 21(3), 259–268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2016.1178611
Kearney G.D., Rafferty A.P., Hendricks L.R., Allen D.L., Tutor-Marcom R. (2015). A crosssectional study of stressors among farmers in eastern North Carolina. North Carolina Medical Journal, 75(6), 384–392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18043/ncm.75.6.384
Kivimäki M., Virtanen M., Elovainio M., Kouvonen A., Väänänen A., Vahtera J. (2006). Work stress in the aetiology of coronary heart disease – a meta-analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, 32(6), 431–442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1049
Koutsimani P., Montgomery A., Georganta K. (2019). The relationship between burnout, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00284/full (dostęp: 14.08.2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00284
Kraczla M. (2013). Wypalenie zawodowe jako efekt długotrwałego stresu. Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas. Zarządzanie, 2, 69–81. http://www.sbc.org.pl/Content/96300/PDF/zarzadzanie2.2013%20Kraczla.pdf (dostęp: 15.08.2024).
Kristensen M.B., Borritz M., Villadsen E., Christensen K.B. (2005). The Copenhagen burnout inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work & Stress, 19(3), 192–207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370500297720
Le Roux T., Sutton L.B. (2022). From a VUCA to a BANI world: Has the view and practice of internal communication changed through the pandemic? W: D. Verčič, A. Tkalac Verčič, K. Sriramesh (red.). Reboot: Should Organizations Rediscover Communication with Internal & External Stakeholders? (s. 88–90). Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences.
Leka S., Griffiths A., Cox T. (2003). Work Organization and Stress. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Mack O., Khare A. (2016). Perspectives on a VUCA World. W: O. Mack, A. Khare, A. Krämer, T. Burgartz (red.). Managing in a VUCA World (s. 3–19). Cham: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16889-0_1
Maslach C. (2000). Wypalenie w perspektywie wielowymiarowej. W: H. Sęk (red.). Wypalenie zawodowe – przyczyny, mechanizmy, zapobieganie (s. 13–30). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Maslach C. (1998). A multidimensional theory of burnout. W: C.L. Cooper (red.). Theories of Organizational Stress (s. 68–85). New York: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198522799.003.0004
Maslach C. (1976). Burned-out. Human Behavior, 9(5), 16–20.
Maslach C., Schaufeli W.B., Leiter M.P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Melchoir M., Caspi A., Milne B.J., Danese A., Poulton R., Moffitt T.E. (2007). Work stress precipitates depression and anxiety in young, working women and men. Psychological Medicine, 37(8), 1119–1129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707000414
MHRC [Mental Health Research Canada] (2024). https://www.mhrc.ca/national-polling-covid (dostęp: 01.01.2025).
Nichols C.E., Davis J. (2024). The Women Farmer Stress Inventory: Examining women farmer stress in the United States Corn Belt. Journal of Rural Health, 40(3), 457–466. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12808
O’Connor S., Donnla O’Hagan A., Malone S.M., O’Shaughnessy B.R., McNamara J., Firnhaber J. (2024). Sleep issues and burnout in Irish farmers: A cross sectional survey. Safety Science, 171, 106377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106377
O’Donnell S., Richardson N. (2018). Middle-aged men and suicide in Ireland. Dublin: Men’s Health Forum in Ireland. https://www.mhfi.org/MAMRMreport.pdf (dostęp: 27.12.2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx186.252
OECD [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development] (2017). OECD Guidelines on Measuring the Quality of the Working Environment. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD/EU (2022). Health at a Glance: Europe 2022: State of Health in the EU Cycle. Paris: OECD Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/507433b0-en
OECD/EU (2018). Health at a Glance: Europe 2018. State of Health in the EU Cycle. Paris: OECD Publishing.
O’Shaughnessy B., O’Hagan A.D., Burke A., McNamara J., O’Connor S. (2022). The prevalence of farmer burnout: Systematic review and narrative synthesis. Journal of Rural Studies, 96, 282–292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.11.002
Ostry A.S., Kelly S., Demers P.A., Mustard C., Hertzman C. (2003). A comparison between the effort-reward imbalance and demand control models. BMC Public Health, 3, 10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-3-10
Parent-Thirion A., Macias E., Hurley J., Vermevlen G. (2007). Fourth European Working Conditions Survey. Luxembourg: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ publications/report/2007/working-conditions/fourth-european-workingconditions-survey (dostęp: 12.08.2024).
PARP [Polska Agencja Rozwoju Przedsiębiorczości] (2023). Nowa Normalność 2022. Przegląd wybranych zmian społeczno-gospodarczych i technologicznych wywołanych pandemią COVID-19. Raport tematyczny nr 1, Warszawa: PARP. https://www.parp.gov.pl/storage/site/files/3911/Nowa-normalnosc-2022-14.03.2023.pdf (dostęp: 20.06.2024).
Perceval M., Kolves K., Ross V., Reddy P., De Leo D. (2019). Environmental factors and suicide in Australian farmers: A qualitative study. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 74(5), 279–286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2018.1453774
Perlman B., Hartman E.A. (1982). Burnout: Summary and future research. Human Relations, 35(4), 283–305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678203500402
Pines A.M. (2004). Wypalenie – w perspektywie egzystencjalnej. W: H. Sęk (red.). Wypalenie zawodowe. Przyczyny i zapobieganie. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Pines A., Aronson E. (1988). Career Burnout: Causes and Cures. New York: Free Press.
Purc-Stephenson R.J., Dedrick S., Hood D. (2024). A multidimensional tool to measure farm stressors: development and initial validation of the farmer stress assessment tool (FSAT). BMC Psychology, 12(1), 435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01929-w
Rayens M.K., Reed D.B. (2013). Predictors of depressive symptoms in older rural couples: The impact of work, stress and health. Journal of Rural Health, 30(1), 59–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12028
Riethmuller M.L., Dzidic P.L., McEvoy P.M., Newnham E.A. (2023). Change, connection and community: A qualitative exploration of farmers’ mental health. Journal of Rural Studies, 97, 591–600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.01.018
Rosengren A., Hawken S., Ôunpuu S., Sliwa K., Zubaid M., Almahmeed W.A., Blackett K.N., Sitthiamorn C., Sato H., Yusuf S. (2004). Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study. The Lancet, 364(9438), 953–962. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17019-0
Rotenstein L.S., Torre M., Ramos M.A., Rosales R.C., Guille C., Sen S., Mata D.A. (2018). Prevalence of burnout among physicians: A systematic review. JAMA, 320(11), 1131–1150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.12777
Rotenstein L.S., Zhao Z., Mata D.A., Guille C., Sen S. (2021). Substantial overlap between factors predicting symptoms of depression and burnout among medical interns. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 36, 240–242. (dostęp: 17.06.2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05664-x
Roth M. (2021). Prävalenz und Prädiktoren von Burnout, Depression und Angst bei Landwirten und Landwirtinnen in Deutschland und Österreich. Masterarbeit, Paris Lodron Universität Salzburg.
Roy P., Tremblay G., Robertson S., Houle J. (2017). Do it all by myself: A salutogenic approach of masculine health practice among farming men coping with stress. American Journal of Men’s Health, 11(5), 1536–1546. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988315619677
RSK [Rejestr Systemów Kodowania] (2022). Międzynarodowa Statystyczna Klasyfikacja Chorób i Problemów Zdrowotnych ICD-11, https://rsk3.ezdrowie.gov.pl/resource/structure/icd11/99ICD1/2023-01/mms/element/129180281/code/QD85 (dostęp: 01.01.2025).
Rudolphi J.M., Berg R.L., Parsaik A. (2020). Depression, anxiety and stress among young farmers and ranchers: A pilot study. Community Mental Health Journal, 56(1), 126–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00480-y
Salanova M., Llorens S., García-Renedo M., Burriel R., Bresó E., Schaufeli W.B. (2005). Towards a four-dimensional model of burnout: A multigroup factor-analytic study including depersonalization and cynicism. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 65(5), 807–819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405275662
Sanne B., Mykletun A., Dahl A.A., Moen B.E., Tell G.S. (2003). Occupational differences in levels of anxiety and depression: The Hordaland Health Study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(6), 628–638. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000069239.06498.2f
Schaufeli W.B., Enzmann D. (1998). The Burnout Companion to Study and Practice: A Critical Analysis. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.
Schaufeli W.B., Leiter M.P., Maslach C. (2009). Burnout: 35 years of research and practice. Career Development International, 14(3), 204–220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430910966406
SpotData (2021). Wypalenie zawodowe, wyzwanie dla pracowników i pracodawców. https://kreacje.pb.pl/2021/wypalenie_zawodowe.pdf (dostęp: 27.06.2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33226/0032-6186.2021.5.6
Stansfeld S., Candy B. (2006). Psychosocial work environment and mental health – a metaanalytic review. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, 32(6), 443–462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1050
Śleszyński P. (2024). Zewnętrzne i wewnętrzne uwarunkowania rozwoju obszarów wiejskich w Polsce. Wnioski dla planowania regionalnego i lokalnego. Wieś i Rolnictwo, 2(203), 17–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53098/wir.2024.2.203/01
Tennant C. (2001). Work-related stress and depressive disorders. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 51(5), 697–704. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00255-0
Thompson R., Hagen B.N., Lumley M.N., Winder C.B., Gohar B., Jones-Bitton A. (2022). Mental health and substance use of farmers in Canada during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20), 13566. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013566
Torske M.O., Bjorngaard J.H., Hilt B., Glasscock D., Krokstad S. (2016a). Farmers’ mental health: A longitudinal sibling comparison – The HUNT Study, Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, 42(6), 547–556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3595
Torske M.O., Hilt B., Glasscock D., Lundqvist P., Krokstad S. (2016b). Anxiety and depression symptoms among farmers: The HUNT Study, Norway. Journal of Agromedicine, 21(1), 24–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2015.1106375
Truchot D., Andela M. (2018). Burnout and hopelessness among farmers: The Farmers Stressors Inventory. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(8), 859–867. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1528-8
Walker J.F. (2012). Mental health in the rural sector: A review. Commissioned by Farmsafe, New Zealand.
Weinmann T., Wibowo R., Forster F., Gerlich J., Wengenroth L., Weinmayr G., Genuneit J., Nowak D., Vogelberg C., Radon K., Herbig B. (2025). Association of chronic stress during studies with depressive symptoms 10 years later. Scientific Reports, 15, 2379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85311-9
WHO [World Health Organisation] (2019). International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11). https://icd.who.int/en/ (dostęp: 20.07.2024).
Wojcieszek A., Kurowska A., Majda A., Walas K. (2020). Perception of stress and coping strategies in a group of people working on a farm – a cross-sectional study. Pielęgniarstwo XXI wieku, 19(2[71]), 69–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pielxxiw-2020-0009
Pobrania
Liczba pobrań artykułu
Strony
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
